SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL STATISTICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE WIND FIELD OF THUNDERSTORM OUTFLOWS BASED ON MEASURED DATA IN BEIJING URBAN AREA
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摘要: 雷暴风引发的结构破坏、财产损失和人员伤害屡有发生，其风场特性的认识和研究是结构抗雷暴风设计的基础。该文基于北京市区325 m高气象塔实测数据识别的70个雷暴风事件，采用经典雷暴风模型对其平均风及脉动风时空特性等进行了统计分析，研究结果表明：雷暴风频发于夏季，其峰值风速主要出现在北京时间的下午及傍晚时分且较易发生于西北方向；在峰值风速发生时段，平均风速剖面均值呈现轻微的鼻形特征；雷暴风湍流强度和阵风因子剖面与大尺度稳态强风特性存在较大差异，且雷暴风统计结果均大于大尺度稳态强风的对应值；北京市结构抗雷暴风设计中可考虑应用Von Karman谱计算雷暴风荷载。该研究结果可为雷暴风风场统一模型的建立和结构抗雷暴风设计提供参考。Abstract: The structural damage, property loss and personal injury caused by thunderstorm outflows often occur, and the understanding and study of their wind field characteristics are the basis of the design of structure resistance to thunderstorm outflows. The 70 thunderstorm outflow events identified based on the measured data of 325m high meteorological towers in Beijing urban area are statistically analyzed by applying the classical signal decomposition model of thunderstorm outflows. The research results show that thunderstorms occur frequently in summer, whose peak gust speeds mainly occur in the afternoon and evening of Beijing time and are more prone to occur in the northwest. When the peak wind speed occurs, the moving average wind speed profile presents a slight nose shape. The turbulence intensity and gust factor profiles are quite different from that of synoptic winds, and the statistical results of thunderstorm outflows are larger than the corresponding values of synoptic winds. The power spectral density of thunderstorm outflows is in good agreement with Von Karman model. The results of this study can provide a basis for the establishment of a unified model of the wind field of thunderstorm outflows and the design of structure resistance to thunderstorm outflows.
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图 3 雷暴风事件发生方向和日期(距原点的径向距离)
Figure 3. Direction and date (radial distance from the origin) of thunderstorm outflow event
图 4 雷暴风事件发生时间分布图
Figure 4. Number of thunderstorm outflow events detected at different hours of the day
图 5 不同高度归一化移动平均风速均值
Figure 5. The mean values of normalized slowly-varying mean wind speeds at each height
图 6 雷暴风持续时间定义示意图
Figure 6. Schematic diagram of definition of thunderstorm outflow duration
图 9 雷暴风移动平均风速剖面随时间变化情况
Figure 9. The variation of moving average wind speed profiles with time of thunderstorm outflows
图 10 折算脉动风速概率密度直方图及与之对应的高斯曲线
Figure 10. Probability density function of reduced turbulent fluctuation and the corresponding Gaussian distribution
图 12 湍流强度与h/z0和
${\overline V_{\max }}$ 的关系图Figure 12. Function of the turbulence intensity with h/z0 and
${\overline V_{\max }}$ 
图 13 湍流积分尺度与h/z0和
${\overline V_{\max }}$ 的关系图Figure 13. Function of the turbulence integral length scale with h/z0 and
${\overline V_{\max }}$ 
图 15 不同高度折算脉动风速功率谱密度曲线图
Figure 15. Power spectral density of reduced turbulent fluctuation at different heights
图 17 不同方法获得湍流积分尺度对比图
Figure 17. Comparison of turbulence integral length scale obtained by different methods
图 18 阵风因子与h/z0和
${\overline V_{\max }}$ 的关系图Figure 18. Function of the gust factor with h/z0 and
${\overline V_{\max }}$ 表 1 不同高度雷暴风风速特性
Table 1. Wind speed characteristics of the thunderstorm outflow event at different heights
高度h/m 阵风风速峰值$ \hat{V} $ 10 min移动平均风速均值$\overline{{V}}_{10}$ 1 h移动平均风速均值$\overline{{V}}_{60}$ 10 min移动湍流强度均值$ \bar{I} $ 阵风因子$G_{V}$ 10 min阵风因子$ G_{10} $ 10 min偏度$ \gamma_{10} $ 10 min峰值$K_{10}$ 1 h偏度$\gamma_{60}$ 1 h峰值$\kappa_{60}$ 8 16.52 5.49 2.58 0.40 1.66 3.01 0.86 4.23 2.15 7.97 16 17.66 7.41 3.42 0.32 1.49 2.38 0.61 3.82 1.81 6.20 32 21.59 10.75 4.71 0.21 1.33 2.01 0.36 3.05 1.79 5.64 47 23.28 13.07 5.25 0.17 1.24 1.78 0.36 2.83 1.40 3.99 64 23.09 14.05 5.48 0.16 1.17 1.64 0.24 2.18 1.38 3.99 80 23.75 14.79 5.78 0.15 1.12 1.61 0.07 2.05 1.31 3.71 140 28.35 18.88 7.30 0.11 1.21 1.50 0.00 2.48 0.98 2.71 200 29.14 21.31 8.45 0.06 1.11 1.37 −0.13 2.34 0.83 2.33 280 29.80 22.34 8.37 0.05 1.07 1.33 −0.07 2.15 0.85 2.37 
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表 2 不同高度雷暴风持时特征
Table 2. Characteristics of duration of thunderstorm outflows at different heights
高度h/m M(Ti) C(Ti) N(Ti) M(Td) C(Td) N(Td) M(Tt) C(Tt) N(Tt) 8 44.63 0.64 14.90 49.68 0.72 14.60 94.31 0.53 34.80 16 47.99 0.65 5.80 57.11 0.76 5.90 105.10 0.52 12.60 32 76.70 0.84 13.30 104.65 1.67 21.30 181.35 1.06 35.20 47 78.73 0.76 18.50 82.62 0.86 14.80 161.35 0.64 43.40 64 84.74 0.90 11.90 114.84 0.69 18.10 199.59 0.63 35.10 80 94.39 0.85 15.70 109.98 0.78 11.90 204.37 0.63 31.20 140 144.14 0.89 18.20 223.68 0.84 16.00 367.81 0.71 34.20 200 191.53 0.81 20.80 342.10 0.94 20.40 533.63 0.77 42.70 280 177.56 0.86 18.50 415.89 0.94 19.80 593.44 0.78 39.40
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表 3 雷暴风记录折算脉动风速均值、标准差、偏度及峰度的平均值和标准差
Table 3. The mean and standard deviation of mean, standard deviation, skewness and kurtosis of reduced turbulent fluatuation for the thunderstorm outflow records detected
统计特性 均值$m$ 标准差$\sigma $ 偏度$\gamma $ 峰度$\kappa $ 平均值 −0.01 1.00 0.05 2.87 标准差 0.02 0.01 0.21 0.38
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表 4 不同高度阵风因子值
Table 4. Gust factors at different heights
高度h/m 雷暴风发展时间段 t−5 t−4 t−3 t−2 t−1 t t1 t2 t3 t4 t5 8 1.44 1.42 1.44 1.45 1.48 1.53 1.53 1.50 1.47 1.42 1.38 16 1.39 1.35 1.37 1.35 1.37 1.48 1.48 1.41 1.38 1.34 1.33 32 1.29 1.30 1.29 1.27 1.30 1.35 1.35 1.33 1.32 1.27 1.26 47 1.29 1.33 1.29 1.29 1.30 1.36 1.35 1.33 1.30 1.28 1.30 64 1.26 1.29 1.26 1.26 1.25 1.31 1.31 1.31 1.27 1.27 1.28 80 1.26 1.28 1.25 1.24 1.26 1.27 1.28 1.31 1.28 1.26 1.25 140 1.19 1.23 1.19 1.22 1.20 1.26 1.23 1.25 1.20 1.23 1.18 200 1.18 1.19 1.17 1.19 1.17 1.17 1.21 1.20 1.18 1.21 1.18 280 1.23 1.26 1.27 1.22 1.19 1.17 1.20 1.21 1.18 1.19 1.16
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