Abstract: The response of an aircraft fuselage structure during impact events has become a focal point of concern in the field of aviation safety due to its sudden and destructive nature. This study employs the Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) method to analyze the damage characteristics of a typical fuselage structure when it impacts different environmental targets (rigid ground, soft soil, and water) at various velocities. The dynamic responses such as stress, strain, and acceleration of the fuselage structure under different impact conditions were obtained, and the study explored how the impact velocity and the physical properties of the environmental targets jointly affect the damage patterns of the fuselage structure. The research found that the overall trend of the acceleration evolution of a fuselage structure is highly consistent with the characteristics of the force it experiences, but the acceleration response of different components varies. The skin, stringers, and frames, as the main energy-absorbing components, exhibit different energy absorption characteristics under various impact conditions and form three basic damage patterns: when impacting the rigid ground, the bottom of the fuselage is flattened, and the frames form two plastic hinges (Damage Pattern I); when impacting soft soil, the bottom structure of the fuselage undergoes plastic hinges and dents (a combination of Damage Patterns I and II); and when impacting the water surface, the fuselage skin and stringer structures indent inward (Damage Pattern III).