Abstract: Rural buildings in China were mostly self-built by farmers and destroyed severely after earthquakes due to poor aseismic capacity and inefficient energy saving measures. Thusly, it is an urgent need to develop an aseismic energy saving structural system with low-cost rural construction. The paper analyzed the characteristics of traditional rural building structures, including raw soil wall bearing structure, soil-wood bearing structure, wood structure, stone structure and brick masonry structure, as well as their status quo on the energy saving technologies for aseismic buildings, respectively. The research on the low-cost aseismic and isolation structures for rural buildings by the author’s group in recent years were introduced, which include a RAC brick masonry structure with vertical constructional reinforcements, a new type concrete block masonry structure with constructional columns, an isolated masonry structure with glass fiber cloth and panels-graphite-glass fiber cloth panels layer, an isolated masonry structures with low-strength glass bead mortar layer, a RAC shear wall with heat insulation blocks and a single layer of reinforcements, as well as the corresponding engineering applications. The studies show that the aseismic and isolated structures proposed above have the advantages of being constructed easily, economical and applicable to use, and good aseismic energy saving effect. Combined with the demand of industrialization application technology development for rural buildings, the application of the ecological environmental protection materials, and green construction, the key problems were pointed out for the development of a structural system of rural aseismic energy saving construction.