Abstract: The selection, evaluation, design and control of seismic damage mechanism have attracted much attention and remain a challenge for the seismic design of buildings. Earthquake loss estimation of building structures is important for the selection and evaluation of seismic damage mechanism. It is also important for the decision making of earthquake disaster prevention. PEER-PBEE methodology is employed to establish the earthquake loss estimation procedure. The fragility and loss functions of RC building components are summarized. The ground motion intensity range for evaluating earthquake loss is determined through engineering judgement. The earthquake losses of typical multi-story RC frames designed for different seismic intensity levels are estimated. The influence of seismic hazard, collapse risk and component categories on earthquake losses are discussed. The results show that the procedure can provide meaningful information for the decision making of earthquake disaster prevention. Some suggestions are proposed to reduce the earthquake losses of RC frames built in different seismic areas.