Abstract: There are a huge number of short and medium-span bridges in China. With the increase of traffic loads and the accumulation of damage, it is important to evaluate their carrying capacity in time to prevent possible failure. During the bridge evaluation, the load testing method in the current governing code has the disadvantages of being labor-intensive and time-consuming, and the procedure of limit state checking is also too complicated for calculation. It is difficult to meet the evaluation requirement of large-scale short and medium-span bridges. To solve these problems, this paper proposes a rapid load testing method based on a single-vehicle moving and a limit state checking method based on the virtual loading of influence lines. The bridge evaluation procedure are constructed, including rapid load testing design, influence line identification, and carrying capacity virtual checking. A checking coefficient modification method is established to improve the reliability of the proposed method. The effectiveness of the proposed method is then verified through the comparison of heavy trucks loading and single truck rapid loading of a three-span hyperbolic arch bridge. The proposed method is integrated into Chinese code, and the testing and evaluation processes are relatively simple, which is expected to provide a feasible solution for the carrying capacity rapid evaluation of large-scale short and medium-span bridges.