Abstract: To address the two major technical challenges of high energy consumption and of instability in active structural control, this study proposes a self-powered active control (SPAC) system based on Model Predictive Control (MPC). The system integrates energy harvesting and active control modules to establish an energy-dynamics constrained control strategy within the MPC framework, achieving the dynamic equilibrium between energy harvesting and control consumption while enhancing system robustness. A 10-storey shear building model is employed to validate the control performance of the system proposed, with comparative analysis conducted against optimal tuned inertial damper (TID) configurations. For quantitative evaluation of seismic mitigation effectiveness, a comprehensive performance index J is developed, incorporating weighted parameters of inter-storey drift ratio, of acceleration response, and of base shear force. Simulation results demonstrate that the TID configuration achieves 22%-31% reduction in composite index J, whereas the SPAC system attains 35%-45% mitigation. The SPAC system exhibits significantly enhanced vibration control performance compared to TID, with the energy storage module maintaining real-time total energy E≥0 throughout operation. This energy-positive characteristic confirms compliance with self-powering criteria, verifying the feasibility of autonomous energy supply under the control strategy proposed.