Abstract: A novel biomass bamboo aggregate concrete was developed by partially replacing crushed stone with moso bamboo coarse aggregate to reduce natural aggregate consumption and promote sustainable construction materials. Experiments were carried out on concrete with different bamboo aggregate replacement rates (0%~45%) to evaluate its water absorption, density, compressive strength, tensile strength, and axial compression behavior. The water absorption increases with the bamboo aggregate replacement rate, while compressive strength, tensile strength, and structural efficiency decrease. Despite the negative impact of increased substitution rate on mechanical properties, the strength of bamboo aggregate concrete remains at a relatively high level. Compared to ordinary concrete, bamboo aggregate concrete shows enhanced post-cracking deformability, a smoother post-peak stress-strain response, and higher residual bearing capacity, indicating ductile failure behavior. A modified axial compressive constitutive model is proposed by adjusting the parameters of an existing stress-strain equation to fit the behavior of bamboo aggregate concrete.